الكلام المنقول - الجمل الخبرية في اللغة الإنجليزية

نظرة عامة

الكلام المنقول (Reported Speech) يُستخدم لنقل ما قاله شخص آخر دون اقتباس كلماته مباشرة. عند نقل الكلام، نُرجع الزمن خطوة للوراء (backshift). مثلاً: "I am happy" → She said she was happy.

في العربية نقول "قال إنه..." بدون تغيير الزمن غالبًا، لكن في الإنجليزية يجب تغيير الزمن والضمائر وبعض التعبيرات الزمنية.

التكوين / كيف يعمل

تحويل الأزمنة (Backshift)

الكلام المباشر	الكلام المنقول
Present Simple: "I work"	Past Simple: She said she worked.
Present Continuous: "I am working"	Past Continuous: She said she was working.
Past Simple: "I worked"	Past Perfect: She said she had worked.
Present Perfect: "I have worked"	Past Perfect: She said she had worked.
will: "I will work"	would: She said she would work.
can: "I can swim"	could: She said she could swim.

تحويل الضمائر والتعبيرات

مباشر	منقول
I / me / my	he-she / him-her / his-her
today	that day
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
yesterday	the day before / the previous day
here	there
this	that
now	then

أفعال النقل الشائعة

say, tell, explain, mention, admit, claim, promise

• say: She said (that) she was tired. (بدون مفعول به شخصي)
• tell: She told me (that) she was tired. (مع مفعول به شخصي)

أمثلة في السياق

المباشر	المنقول	ملاحظة
"I am tired."	She said she was tired.	present → past
"I can't come."	He said he couldn't come.	can → could
"I will help you."	She told me she would help me.	will → would
"I have seen that movie."	He said he had seen that movie.	present perfect → past perfect
"I'm leaving tomorrow."	She said she was leaving the next day.	tomorrow → the next day
"I don't like this."	He said he didn't like that.	this → that
"We are studying."	They said they were studying.	present cont → past cont
"I worked late yesterday."	She said she had worked late the day before.	past → past perfect

الأخطاء الشائعة

خطأ	صحيح	لماذا
She said me she was tired.	She told me she was tired. / She said she was tired.	say لا يأخذ مفعول شخصي مباشر
He said that he is tired.	He said that he was tired.	يجب تحويل الزمن
She told that she was happy.	She told me that she was happy. / She said that she was happy.	tell يحتاج مفعول شخصي

ملاحظات الاستخدام

ملاحظات للمستوى B1+

"that" اختيارية بعد said/told: "She said (that) she was tired." كلاهما صحيح. عندما تكون المعلومة لا تزال صحيحة، يمكن عدم تغيير الزمن: "She said she is a doctor" (لا تزال طبيبة). لكن تغيير الزمن دائمًا صحيح.

ملاحظات للمستوى A1-A2

ابدأ بأبسط التحويلات: present → past, will → would, can → could.

نصائح للتمرين

1. نقل الأخبار: اقرأ أخبارًا وأعد صياغتها بالكلام المنقول.
2. المحادثة: انقل ما قاله أصدقاؤك: "Ahmed said he was going to..."

المفاهيم ذات الصلة

• Past Perfect
• Reported Speech - Questions